https://tjest.org.ng/index.php/journal/issue/feed TROPICAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2026-03-15T09:14:22+00:00 MR TIMOTHY AFIAGH ojyemi@yahoo.co.uk Open Journal Systems <p><strong>Scope Statement for the </strong><strong>Tropical Journal for Engineering, Science and Technology (TJEST)</strong></p> <ol> <li><strong> Purpose</strong></li> </ol> <p>Tropical Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology is an open-access peer reviewed journal that provides the publication of papers in all areas of Engineering, Technology and Science. It's a transnational refereed journal. TJEST aims to propagate innovative exploration and knowledge. The Journal is a platform to advance borders of knowledge and ground between exploration and development. Additionally, the journal is committed to publishing research with both global and regional perspectives, ensuring broader relevance and impact across diverse geographic contexts.</p> <p> </p> <ol start="2"> <li><strong> Scope</strong></li> </ol> <p><strong><em>2.1 Topics Covered</em></strong></p> <p>The TJEST covers a broad range of topics related to Engineering, Science and Technology, including but not limited to:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Health and Pharmaceutical Science</strong></li> <li><strong>Engineering and Technology</strong></li> <li><strong>Biotechnology, E</strong><strong>nvironmental Sciences,</strong> <strong>Climate change, Environmental or </strong></li> </ol> <p><strong>Geographical Sciences</strong></p> <ol> <li><strong>Agriculture</strong></li> </ol> <p><strong><em>2.2 Target Audience</em></strong></p> <p>The TJEST targets a diverse audience, including: Academic researchers, scientists, experimenters, scholars, interpreters, and preceptors to both learn from and contribute to the field of Engineering, Science, and Technology</p> <p> </p> <p><strong><em>2.3 Article Types</em></strong></p> <p>The journal publishes various types of articles, including:</p> <p><strong>Original Research Articles:</strong> Detailed reports of new research findings and scientific studies.</p> <p><strong>Review Articles:</strong> Comprehensive reviews of existing literature on specific topics within Engineering, Science and Technology.</p> <p><strong>Technical Notes and Short Communications:</strong> Short reports on practical innovations or new techniques.</p> <p><strong>Case Studies:</strong> In-depth analyses of specific instances or applications in Engineering, Science and Technology.</p> <p><strong>Editorials and Commentaries:</strong> Opinions and perspectives on current issues and trends in Engineering, Science and Technology.</p> <p><strong><em>2.4 Geographic Focus</em></strong></p> <p>The journal welcomes high-quality submissions that have broader implication to produce authentic and qualitative exploration.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong><em>2.5 Research Methodology</em></strong></p> <p>The journal accepts research employing a variety of methodologies, including:</p> <ol> <li>Experimental research and field trials</li> <li>Observational studies and surveys</li> <li>Modeling and simulation</li> <li>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses</li> </ol> <p><strong><em>2.6 Quality and Integrity</em></strong></p> <p>All submissions are subjected to a rigorous peer-review process to ensure scientific rigor, originality, and relevance. The TJEST upholds high ethical standards and requires that all research comply with ethical guidelines for proper experimentation and scientific integrity. Specific contributions of each author should be spelt out without ambiguity.</p> <p><strong>Human and animal rights consent</strong></p> <p>All the protocols involve animal care and use in the research should have an approval by institutional Animal Care Use Committees .</p> <p><strong>Conflict of interest</strong></p> <p>The authors declare if there is any conflict of interest regarding any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organization related to the material discussed in the manuscript.</p> <p><strong>Acknowledgement</strong><strong>s</strong></p> <p>Authors are permitted to share acknowledged contributors to research works submitted to the journal.</p> <p> </p> <ol start="3"> <li><strong> Editorial Policy</strong></li> </ol> <p><strong><em>3.1 Submission Process</em></strong></p> <p>Authors must follow the journal’s submission guidelines and formatting requirements.</p> <p>All manuscripts undergo an initial screening for relevance and quality before being sent for blind peer review.</p> <p><strong><em>3.2 Review Process</em></strong></p> <p>The journal employs a double-blind peer review process to ensure unbiased evaluation of submissions. Reviewers are selected based on their expertise and are required to provide constructive feedback to authors. During the reviewing process reviewers communicate directly with editors and not with the authors or other reviewers. All manuscripts will undergo screening for potential misconduct, including plagiarism.</p> <p><strong><em>3.3 Publication Ethics</em></strong></p> <p>The TJEST adheres to ethical standards for publication, including issues of plagiarism, authorship, and conflict of interest.</p> <p>Authors are expected to disclose any potential conflicts of interest and to adhere to ethical guidelines for research involving animals.</p> <ol start="4"> <li><strong> Updates and Revisions</strong></li> </ol> <p>The scope of TJEST is reviewed periodically to ensure it remains aligned with current trends and developments in the field of Engineering, Science and Technology.The journal is committed to continuous improvement and remains flexible in adapting to emerging trends in academic publishing, such as the inclusion of multimedia content, data repositories, and evolving publication formats.</p> <p>Changes to the scope and guidelines to authors are presented to the journal’s stakeholders and updated via the journal’s website (www.tjest.org.ng).</p> <ol start="5"> <li><strong> Contact Information</strong></li> </ol> <p>For inquiries regarding submissions, editorial policies, or other journal-related matters, please contact the TJEST editorial office at the Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (tjest2023@gmail.com; tjest.org.ng).</p> <p><strong>Ethics and Malpractice Statement</strong></p> <p>The Tropical Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology (TJEST)is committed to maintaining the highest standards of ethical conduct in the publication of research. This statement outlines our expectations for ethical behaviour and procedures for addressing malpractice.</p> <ol> <li><strong> Ethical Standards</strong></li> </ol> <p><strong> </strong><strong><em>1.1. Research Integrity</em></strong></p> <p>Authors must ensure that their research is conducted ethically and that it adheres to accepted standards of scientific conduct. This includes obtaining necessary approvals from relevant ethics committees or institutional review boards, where applicable.</p> <p><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>1.2. Authorship and Contributors</em></strong></p> <p>Authorship credit should be based on substantial contributions to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the research. All individuals who meet these criteria should be listed as authors. Individuals who have contributed to the research but not to the extent of authorship should be acknowledged in the acknowledgment section. Corresponding authors are responsible for ensuring that all co-authors approve the final version of the manuscript and agree with its submission.</p> <p><strong><em>1.3. Handling of Complaints and Appeals</em></strong></p> <p>The TJEST is committed to addressing any complaints or appeals regarding the review and publication process. Authors and reviewers may submit formal complaints or appeals to the editorial board. The editorial board will review these concerns and take appropriate action, which may include a reevaluation of the manuscript or review process.</p> <p><strong><em>1.4. Intellectual Property</em></strong></p> <p>Authors must ensure that their work does not infringe on the intellectual property rights of others. Proper permissions must be obtained for any copyrighted material included in the manuscript. The TJEST respects intellectual property rights and expects authors to adhere to legal and ethical standards.</p> <p><strong><em>1.5. Data Sharing and Reproducibility</em></strong></p> <p>Authors are encouraged to share their data in a manner that allows for verification and reproducibility of their results. Data sets should be made available upon reasonable request, and authors should provide clear details about their methodology to enable replication of their studies.</p> <p><strong><em>1.6. Conflicts of Interest</em></strong></p> <p>All authors, reviewers, and editors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could influence their work or judgment. Financial, personal, or professional relationships that may impact objectivity should be declared at the time of submission and during the review process. Authors should disclose sources of financial support and other potential conflicts.</p> <p><strong><em>1.7. Originality and Plagiarism</em></strong></p> <p>Submitted manuscripts must be original work, not previously published or under consideration elsewhere. Plagiarism, including the use of others' work without proper citation, is strictly prohibited. All sources must be accurately and appropriately cited.</p> <p><strong><em>1.8 Branding </em></strong></p> <p>All authors should note that the results presented are entirely that of the researchers as TJEST does not promote or endorse any branded products used in studies conducted by the researchers.</p> <ol start="2"> <li><strong>Research Misconduct</strong></li> </ol> <p><strong><em>2.1. Detection and Reporting</em></strong></p> <p>The TJEST takes allegations of research misconduct seriously. The TJEST employs a rigorous peer-review process to detect unethical practices and potential misconduct. Reviewers, editors, and readers are encouraged to report any suspected cases of misconduct or malpractice including data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and unethical practices to the editorial board.</p> <p><strong><em>2.2. Investigation and Action</em></strong></p> <p>Suspected cases of misconduct will be investigated thoroughly. The editorial board will take appropriate action based on the findings, which may include retraction of published articles, correction of records, and reporting to relevant institutions or authorities. Depending on the severity of the offence, the individual(s) may be blacklisted from further publishing in the TJEST.</p> <p><strong><em>2.3. Retraction and Correction</em></strong></p> <p>The TJEST encourages post-publication discussion and corrections to ensure the accuracy of the published record. Authors, readers, and reviewers can request corrections or raise concerns about published articles in cases of significant errors or misconduct. Corrections or retractions will be published as necessary, to ensure the accuracy of the scientific record and will be clearly marked and linked to the original article.</p> <p><strong> </strong><strong style="font-size: 0.875rem;">Commitment to Ethical Practice</strong></p> <p>The TJEST is dedicated to upholding these ethical standards and addressing any breaches of conduct. We believe that fostering an ethical environment is crucial for the advancement of animal science and the integrity of our scholarly community.</p> <p><strong> </strong><strong style="font-size: 0.875rem;">Copyright and Licensing</strong></p> <p><strong><em>4.1. Copyright</em></strong></p> <p>Upon acceptance of a manuscript, authors transfer copyright to the TJEST. This transfer allows the journal to publish, distribute, and make the article available through various channels. Authors retain rights to use their work for non-commercial purposes, provided that proper attribution to the journal is given.</p> <p><strong><em>4.2. Licensing</em></strong></p> <p>The TJEST follows an open-access model. Published articles are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, allowing others to freely share and adapt the work, provided proper credit is given and changes are indicated.</p> <p><strong> </strong><strong style="font-size: 0.875rem;">Responsibilities of Editors and Reviewers</strong></p> <p><strong><em>5.1. Fairness</em></strong></p> <p>Editors and reviewers must evaluate manuscripts based on their scientific merit without bias. They should maintain confidentiality and avoid conflicts of interest. Editors and reviewers are expected to disclose any conflicts of interest prior to manuscript review.</p> <p><strong><em>5.2. Confidentiality</em></strong></p> <p>Reviewers and editors must not disclose any details of the submitted manuscripts or review processes to unauthorized individuals.</p> <p><strong><em>5.3. Constructive Feedback</em></strong></p> <p>Reviewers are expected to provide constructive and objective feedback to improve the quality of the manuscript and ensure the accuracy and reliability of the published research.</p> <p><strong> </strong><strong style="font-size: 0.875rem;">Author Fees</strong></p> <p><strong><em>6.1. Fees</em></strong></p> <p>The journal does not charge for publication at the moment. While there are no current fees, the journal reserves the right to revise this policy in the future, subject to stakeholder approval.</p> <ol start="7"> <li><strong>Access, Archiving, Ownership, and Management</strong></li> </ol> <p><strong><em>7.1. Access</em></strong></p> <p>All articles published in the TJEST are freely accessible online, promoting the dissemination and impact of research findings.</p> <p><strong><em>7.2. Archiving</em></strong></p> <p>The TJEST ensures long-term preservation and accessibility of published articles through digital archiving systems and partnerships with established repositories.</p> <p><strong><em>7.3. Ownership and Management</em></strong></p> <p>The TJEST is owned and managed by National Association of Academic, Technologists (NAAT). The editorial board oversees the journal’s operations, ensuring adherence to ethical standards and the integrity of the publication process.</p> <p><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>7.4. Revenue Sources</em></strong></p> <p>The TJEST generates revenue through, National Association of Academic Technologists (NAAT), grants, and sponsorship. The journal is committed to transparency regarding its revenue sources and ensuring that financial interests do not influence editorial decisions.</p> https://tjest.org.ng/index.php/journal/article/view/276 Nutritional Composition of Date Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) from Markets in Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria 2026-03-09T11:48:07+00:00 Magdalene S. Ayuba magdalena@unijos.edu.ng Benjamin Simi Peter magdalena@unijos.edu.ng Mafuyai Godwin Magit magdalena@unijos.edu.ng Dan’azumi Uji Joash magdalena@unijos.edu.ng <p><em>Date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are widely consumed as natural energy sources, yet </em><em>information on their nutritional quality in Nigerian markets remains limited. This study </em><em>evaluated the proximate composition, mineral content, and energy value of date fruits obtained </em><em>from three major markets in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. Samples </em><em>were analyzed using standard AOAC methods for proximate and mineral composition, while </em><em>energy value was estimated using Atwater factors. Results showed that carbohydrates were the </em><em>predominant component (85.96%), followed by crude fat (5.91%), crude protein (2.11%), ash </em><em>(1.60%), and crude fibre (0.83%). Mineral analysis revealed the presence of magnesium, </em><em>calcium, sodium, phosphorus, iron, and potassium, though all occurred below WHO </em><em>recommended daily intake levels. The energy value of date fruits (405.47 kcal/100 g) was slightly </em><em>higher than that of refined cane sugar (395.00 kcal/100 g), with the added benefit of fibre, </em><em>protein, and minerals. The findings highlight the nutritional relevance of date fruits as natural </em><em>energy sources and healthier alternatives to refined sugar</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em>Les fruits de datte (Phoenix dactylifera L.) sont largement consommés comme sources d’énergie </em><em>naturelle, mais les informations sur leur qualité nutritionnelle sur les marchés nigérians restent </em><em>limitées. Cette étude a évalué la composition proximale, la teneur en minéraux et la valeur </em><em>énergétique des fruits de datte obtenus dans trois marchés principaux de la zone de </em><em>gouvernement local de Jos North, dans l’État du Plateau, au Nigeria. Les échantillons ont été </em><em>analysés à l’aide des méthodes standard de l’AOAC pour la composition proximale et minérale,</em><em>tandis que la valeur énergétique a été estimée à l’aide des facteurs d’Atwater. Les résultats ont </em><em>montré que les glucides étaient le composant prédominant (85,96 %), suivis des matières grasses </em><em>brutes (5,91 %), des protéines brutes (2,11 %), des cendres (1,60 %) et des fibres brutes </em><em>(0,83 %). L’analyse minérale a révélé la présence de magnésium, calcium, sodium, phosphore, </em><em>fer et potassium, bien que tous soient présents à des niveaux inférieurs aux apports journaliers </em><em>recommandés par l’OMS. La valeur énergétique des fruits de datte (405,47 kcal/100 g) était </em><em>légèrement supérieure à celle du sucre de canne raffiné (395,00 kcal/100 g), avec l’avantage </em><em>supplémentaire de fournir des fibres, des protéines et des minéraux. Les résultats mettent en </em><em>évidence l’importance nutritionnelle des fruits de datte comme sources d’énergie naturelle et </em><em>alternatives plus saines au sucre raffiné.</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>ق ف الغذائية ووهتا التعلقة العلومات أن ري ،للطاقة يا تر (<strong>.</strong>Phoenix dactylifera L) ىل نطاق واسع بوصفها مصديًا طبيعي سهتكل ثاًام ت</p> <p>تر الت سجمعت من ثلثة أسواقًئئهتية ف منطقة امك ايل جوس ية الطاقية لثًام الييريية ما تزال مدوهة. هدفت هذه الًاسة ىل ققيي التكيب التقريب، وايتوى العدن، والق</p> <p>الاملية بولية بلقو، نيريي. وقد جرى تليل العييات استتخدام الطرائق القياستية لعية اميييائيي التحليليي الرييي (AOAC) لتحديد التكيب التقريب والعدن، ف ني</p> <p>ية الطاقية استتخدام عوامل أقواتر.(Atwater) أظهرت اليتائ أن اميربوهيدًات كنت اليوون الهائد ببهتبة )85.96%(، قلكا الهون الام ق ددًت الق</p> <p>تر)5.91%(، ث الووقي الام )2.11%(، فالرماه )1.60%(، واللياف الام )0.83%(. وكاف التحليل العدن عن وجوه الغيئهتيوم، وامالهتيوم،سية الطاقية لثًامتثل ف اتووائا ىلوالصوهيوم، والفوسفوً، وامديد، والبواستيوم، ىل أن ميعها كنت هون مهتتويت الدخول اليوم الوص با من قبل منظمة الصحة العالية. وبلغت القية سير القصب اليرً)395.00 كيلوتريرة/100 غرام(، مع مية ىضافية تيا أفضل للهير اليرً.اللياف والووقي والعاهن.)405.47 كيلوتريرة/100 غرام(، وه أىل قلييل من قيل صي يا للطاقة وبدي تر بوصفها مصديًا طبيعي وقسوز هذه اليتائ الهية الغذائية لثًام</p> <p>ية الطاقية، التغذية. تر، التكيب التقريب، ايتوى العدن، الق <strong>ا</strong></p> 2026-03-15T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 https://tjest.org.ng/index.php/journal/article/view/277 Assessment of physicochemical parameters of water from two selected Rivers (Ekrekana And Iwofe creeks) in Rivers State, Nigeria 2026-03-09T12:13:35+00:00 B. U Nti ntibenjaminuchechukwu@gmail.com D. P Akpovbovbo ntibenjaminuchechukwu@gmail.com J. M. Ayele ntibenjaminuchechukwu@gmail.com <p><em>The assessment of physicochemical parameters provides a fundamental and quantitative foundation for </em><em>evaluating the health, quality, and dynamics of an environmental system. The study was designed to assess the </em><em>physicochemical parameters of Ekrekana and Iwofe Creeks in Rivers State, Nigeria. Surface water samples for </em><em>physicochemical analysis were collected monthly for dry season and wet season using pre-washed plastic </em><em>containers. Physico-chemical parameters such as; pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), </em><em>salinity, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) </em><em>5 </em><em>and chemical </em><em>oxygen demand (COD) were evaluated and used for analysis. pH, EC, TDS, and temperature were measured </em><em>in-situ using a portable handheld pH/EC/TDS/temperature meter. At the laboratory, (DO) was analysed using </em><em>the Winkler’s method, BOD</em><em>5 </em><em>was analysed in the dark at 20 </em><em>0</em><em>C for 5 days. All other parameters were analysed </em><em>based on standard methods as described by The American Public Health Association (APHA). Results showed </em><em>that at Ekrekana, Iwofe, and Opobo, the pH was 6.89, 7.35, 6.54, respectively, for the wet season, and 6.72, </em><em>5.64, and 7.28, respectively for the dry season. </em><em>DO were as follows: (Ekrekana: 6.04, Iwofe: 7.15, Opobo: 5.24 mg/L), for wet season, (Ekrekana: 5.42, Iwofe: </em><em>7.10, Opobo: 5.01 mg/L) for dry season; BOD recorded thus: (Ekrekana: 3.57, Iwofe: 3.69, Opobo: 3.24 mg/L) </em><em>for wet season, (Ekrekana: 3.21, Iwofe: 3.60, Opobo: 3.10 mg/L) for dry season; EC was: (Ekrekana: 4213, </em><em>Iwofe: 5241, Opobo: 3240 µS/cm) for wet season, (Ekrekana: 3863, Iwofe: 4812, Opobo: 301 µS/cm) for dry </em><em>season; TDS: (Ekrekana: 10872, Iwofe: 12184, Opobo: 8029 mg/L) for wet season, (Ekrekana: 9342, Iwofe: </em><em>1184, Opobo: 7780 mg/L) for dry season; the Salinity records were: (Iwofe: 6861for wet, 6234 for dry) with </em><em>Ekrekana and Opobo showing lower and less variable values. For Turbidity: (Ekrekana: 23.19, Iwofe: 32.98, </em><em>Opobo: 8.93 NTU) for wet season, (Ekrekana: 18.21, Iwofe: 27.38, Opobo: 8.04) for dry season; Temperature: </em><em>(30.63 to 31.29 </em><em>o</em><em>C) for wet season and (31.23 to 31.03 </em><em>o</em><em>C) for dry season. The results showed that Ekrekana and </em><em>Iwofe show greater degree of water quality impairment relative to the control, attributed to anthropogenic or </em><em>natural input such as runoff, organic pollution, or saline influence. Parameters such as DO, BOD, EC, </em><em>turbidity, and pH showed statistically significant differences across sites and seasons, indicating real spatial </em><em>and seasonal variability. The study recommends continued monitoring and potential remediation at Ekrekana </em><em>and Iwofe to control sources of pollution.</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em>L’évaluation des paramètres physicochimiques fournit une base fondamentale et quantitative pour évaluer la </em><em>santé, la qualité et la dynamique d’un système environnemental. L’étude a été conçue pour évaluer les </em><em>paramètres physicochimiques des criques Ekrekana et Iwofe dans l’État de Rivers, au Nigeria. Des échantillons </em><em>d’eau de surface pour l’analyse physicochimique ont été collectés mensuellement pendant la saison sèche et la </em><em>saison humide à l’aide de contenants en plastique préalablement lavés. Les paramètres physico-chimiques tels </em><em>que le pH, la conductivité électrique (CE), les solides dissous totaux (SDT), la salinité, la turbidité, l</em><em>température, l’oxygène dissous (OD), la demande biologique en oxygène (DBO5) et la demande chimique en </em><em>oxygène (DCO) ont été évalués et utilisés pour l’analyse. Le pH, la CE, les SDT et la température ont été </em><em>mesurés in situ à l’aide d’un appareil portatif combiné pH/CE/SDT/température. Au laboratoire, l’OD a été </em><em>analysée par la méthode de Winkler, la DBO5 a été analysée à l’obscurité à 20°C pendant 5 jours. Tous les </em><em>autres paramètres ont été analysés selon les méthodes standards décrites par l’American Public Health </em><em>Association (APHA). Les résultats ont montré qu’à Ekrekana, Iwofe et Opobo, le pH était respectivement de </em><em>6,89 ; 7,35 ; 6,54 pour la saison humide, et de 6,72 ; 5,64 ; 7,28 pour la saison sèche. </em><em>Les valeurs d’OD étaient les suivantes : (Ekrekana : 6,04 ; Iwofe : 7,15 ; Opobo : 5,24 mg/L) pour la saison </em><em>humide, (Ekrekana : 5,42 ; Iwofe : 7,10 ; Opobo : 5,01 mg/L) pour la saison sèche ; la DBO enregistrée était : </em><em>(Ekrekana : 3,57 ; Iwofe : 3,69 ; Opobo : 3,24 mg/L) pour la saison humide, (Ekrekana : 3,21 ; Iwofe : 3,60 ; </em><em>Opobo : 3,10 mg/L) pour la saison sèche ; la CE était : (Ekrekana : 4213 ; Iwofe : 5241 ; Opobo : 3240 µS/cm) </em><em>pour la saison humide, (Ekrekana : 3863 ; Iwofe : 4812 ; Opobo : 301 µS/cm) pour la saison sèche ; les SDT : </em><em>(Ekrekana : 10872 ; Iwofe : 12184 ; Opobo : 8029 mg/L) pour la saison humide, (Ekrekana : 9342 ; Iwofe : </em><em>1184 ; Opobo : 7780 mg/L) pour la saison sèche ; les enregistrements de salinité étaient : (Iwofe : 6861 pour la </em><em>saison humide, 6234 pour la saison sèche), Ekrekana et Opobo montrant des valeurs plus faibles et moins </em><em>variables. Pour la Turbidité : (Ekrekana : 23,19 ; Iwofe : 32,98 ; Opobo : 8,93 NTU) pour la saison humide, </em><em>(Ekrekana : 18,21 ; Iwofe : 27,38 ; Opobo : 8,04) pour la saison sèche ; Température : (de 30,63 à 31,29°C) </em><em>pour la saison humide et (de 31,23 à 31,03°C) pour la saison sèche. Les résultats ont montré qu’Ekrekana et </em><em>Iwofe présentent un degré plus élevé de dégradation de la qualité de l’eau par rapport au site témoin, attribué </em><em>à des apports anthropiques ou naturels tels que le ruissellement, la pollution organique ou l’influence saline. </em><em>Des paramètres tels que l’OD, la DBO, la CE, la turbidité et le pH ont montré des différences statistiquement </em><em>significatives entre les sites et les saisons, indiquant une réelle variabilité spatiale et saisonnière. L’étude </em><em>recommande une surveillance continue et une éventuelle remédiation à Ekrekana et Iwofe pour contrôler les </em><em>sources de pollution</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>يا اممما زقيوي صة اجودة ادرناممممات لزنظام لزييئ. اقدُصممت هذه للَلسة زقيمي لعااري لزيايئية الكمييائية لورَي رياكان </strong><strong>يا كم </strong><strong>(</strong>Ekrekana<strong>)</strong><strong>ارروف </strong><strong>(</strong>Iwofe<strong>) </strong><strong>ف الرةَرياز، جيييي.ُجمات عينات لعياه لزسطحية للقحليل لزيايئ الكمييائ هرامي الل موسي للياف اللمطاَاسسقخدلم أاعية </strong><strong>روّفا قيمي لعااري لزيايئية الكمييائية أسا مسا علمم </strong><strong>ييائية مثل: للفّلزريدَاجمن</strong><strong>(</strong>pH<strong>) </strong><strong>، الزقوصيلية لكمراائية</strong><strong>(</strong>EC<strong>) </strong><strong>، العولد لزصلية لللئية لككية</strong><strong>(</strong>TDS<strong>) </strong><strong>، العلوحة، </strong><strong>قي رست قي </strong>pHا EC<strong>الستمممة مسسول مسسييما. ات قيمي اتليل مااريّايئية اي </strong><strong>يا اسسقخدلم جاز مول زيماّ</strong><strong>/</strong>pH<strong>/</strong>EC<strong>/</strong>TDS<strong>للالَة. اف لتقب، جاى تليل لليسيي لللئب </strong><strong>(</strong>DO<strong>) </strong><strong>اسسقخدلم طارية ارنكا </strong><strong>الزااَة، ادَجة للالَة، الليسيي لللئب</strong><strong>(</strong>DO<strong>) </strong><strong>، الزطلب لليوي عل لليسيي</strong><strong>(</strong>BOD<strong>₅</strong><strong>) </strong><strong>، الزطلب لكمييائ عل لليسيي</strong><strong>.(</strong>COD<strong>) </strong><strong>ج </strong><strong>م </strong>ا TDS<strong>ادَجة للالَة ممدلج </strong><strong>لت اّق لزطاق لزيماسسية ام </strong><strong>(</strong>Winkler<strong>)</strong><strong>، ام جاى تليل لزطلب لليوي عل لليسيي </strong><strong>(</strong>BOD<strong>₅</strong><strong>) </strong><strong>ف لزظلم عند دَجة حالَة </strong><strong>20</strong><strong>°م عدة خسة أيم. أما ايمة لعااريّيدُحلص </strong><strong>اَدت ف رَهادلت للاية للماكممة للصحة لزاامة</strong><strong>.(</strong>APHA<strong>) </strong><strong>أظرات لزنقائ أن قي للفّلزريدَاجمن ف رياكان ارروف اأااواو </strong><strong>(</strong>Opobo<strong>) </strong><strong>الل موس للمطاَالست عل </strong><strong>لزقولل: </strong><strong>6.89 </strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>7.35 </strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>6.54</strong><strong>، اين كجت الل موس للياف </strong><strong>6.72 </strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>5.64 </strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>7.28 </strong><strong>عل لزقولل. اُصجلت قي لليسيي لللئب </strong><strong>(</strong>DO<strong>) </strong><strong>ام رل: الل موس </strong></p> <p><strong>يه الل موس للمطاَ: )رياكان: </strong><strong>3.57</strong><strong>، رروف: </strong><strong>3.69</strong><strong>، أااواو: </strong><strong>3.24 </strong><strong>ملسم/زت(، االل موس للياف: )رياكان: </strong><strong>3.21</strong><strong>، </strong><strong>للمطاَ)رياكان: </strong><strong>6.04</strong><strong>، رروف: </strong><strong>7.15</strong><strong>، أااواو: </strong><strong>5.24 </strong><strong>ملسم/زت(، االل موس للياف )رياكان: </strong><strong>5.42</strong><strong>، رروف: </strong><strong>7.10</strong><strong>، أااواو: </strong><strong>5.01 </strong><strong>ملسم/زت(. أما لزطلب </strong><strong>لليوي عل لليسيي </strong><strong>(</strong>BOD<strong>₅</strong><strong>)</strong><strong>ّاجت ق </strong><strong>رروف: </strong><strong>3.60</strong><strong>، أااواو: </strong><strong>3.10 </strong><strong>ملسم/زت(</strong><strong>. </strong><strong>االست لزقوصيلية لكمراائية </strong><strong>(</strong>EC<strong>) </strong><strong>الل موس للمطاَ: )رياكان: </strong><strong>4213</strong><strong>، رروف: </strong><strong>5241</strong><strong>، أااواو: </strong><strong>3240 </strong><strong>ين/س(. امُصجلت قي لعولد لزصلية لللئية لككية </strong><strong>(</strong>TDS<strong>) </strong><strong>الل موس ين/س(، االل موس للياف: )رياكان: </strong><strong>3863</strong><strong>، رروف: </strong><strong>4812</strong><strong>، أااواو: </strong><strong>301 </strong><strong>مممااسس </strong></p> <p><strong>للمطاَ: )رياكان: </strong><strong>10872</strong><strong>، رروف: </strong><strong>12184</strong><strong>، أااواو: </strong><strong>8029 </strong><strong>ملسم/زت(، االل موس للياف: )رياكان: </strong><strong>9342</strong><strong>، رروف: </strong><strong>1184</strong><strong>، أااواو:</strong><strong>7780 </strong></p> <p><strong>مممااسس </strong><strong>ملسم/زت(. أما لعلوحة،ّيدُصجلت ف رروف ايي الست </strong><strong>6861 </strong><strong>الل موس للمطاَا</strong><strong>6234 </strong><strong>الل موس للياف، ف حي أظرات رياكان اأااواو قمرمما أقل اقيارنما مدامدل. اازلسسية </strong></p> <p><strong>للااَة،ّيد الست الل موس للمطاَ</strong><strong>) :</strong><strong>رياكان: </strong><strong>23.19</strong><strong>، رروف: </strong><strong>32.98</strong><strong>، أااواو: </strong><strong>8.93 </strong><strong>احدة </strong><strong>(</strong>NTU<strong>، االل موس للياف</strong><strong>) :</strong><strong>رياكان: </strong><strong>18.21</strong><strong>، رروف: </strong></p> <p><strong>27.38</strong><strong>، أااواو: </strong><strong>8.04 </strong><strong>احدة </strong><strong>.(</strong>NTU<strong>اتالاحت دَجات للالَة اي </strong><strong>30.63 </strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>31.29</strong><strong>°م الل موس للمطاَ، ااي </strong><strong>31.23 </strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>31.03</strong><strong>°م الل </strong><strong>موس للياف</strong><strong>. </strong><strong>اأظرات لزنقائ أن رياكان ارروف قااجيان من دَجة أعل من قدهوَجودة لعياه ميا جَة اعوقع لعاجاي، ارُازى كل رل مدالت رشرة أا طيياية مثل للاين لزسطحي، أا لزقلوث</strong><strong>Nti, B. U., </strong><strong>ةالَلعالقبة اقنيمذ رجالءلت ماالة مةل ف رياكان ارروف للسسيطاة عل مصادَ</strong><strong>لزاضوي، أا لزقثريلت لعلحية. ام أظرات مااري مثل لليسيي لللئب</strong><strong>(</strong>DO<strong>) </strong><strong>، الزطلب لليوي عل لليسيي</strong><strong>(</strong>BOD<strong>) </strong><strong>، الزقوصيلية لكمراائية</strong><strong>(</strong>EC<strong>) </strong><strong>، الزااَة، </strong>ا pH<strong>ّااقما </strong></p> <p><strong>كلت دلل رحصائية اي لعولقع العولس، ما ردل عل اجود قياكن مان اموسي حيميي. اقوص للَلسة اسس </strong><strong>لزقلوث</strong><strong>. </strong><strong>النهري. </strong></p> <p>لككمت لعيتاحمة: <strong>الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية، المعايير، الموسم، التلوث، التذبذب، المياه، النظام</strong></p> 2026-03-15T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 https://tjest.org.ng/index.php/journal/article/view/278 Ecology of snail intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium in adim and abini communities of Biase Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria 2026-03-09T12:41:38+00:00 Ibok Eyo Essien ibokessien001@gmail.com Samuel Sunday Akpan ibokessien001@gmail.com Lucy Emmanuel Afahanam ibokessien001@gmail.com Paul Inyang-Etoh ibokessien001@gmail.com Ibibong Okpashi Agana ibokessien001@gmail.com <p><em>Freshwater snails are widespread in both tropical and temperate regions of the world where they </em><em>serve as intermediate hosts for larval stages of parasitic trematodes which cause schistosomiasis. </em><em>This disease is endemic in areas where the snail intermediate host breeds in water contaminated by </em><em>urine and faeces of infected persons. The study was conducted to investigate the distribution of snail </em><em>intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium in Adim and Abini communities of Biase Local </em><em>Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. The snails were collected and grouped according to </em><em>villages, after which they were induced to shed cercaria. The snails were further processed for DNA </em><em>extraction and quantification to determine their species. Four hundred and twenty (420) snails were </em><em>collected from streams in Adim and Abini, out of which 105(25%) were Bulinus africanus in Adim </em><em>and 105(25%) were Bulinus africanus in Abini. Out of the 105 snails in Adim, which were identified </em><em>as B. africanus, 10(4.8%) were positive for cercaria of S. haematobiumi while in Abini 17(8.1%) </em><em>were positive for cercaria of S. haematobium out of the105 snails collected there. A prevalence of </em><em>7(17.5%) was recorded for urogenital schistosomiasis among residents of Adim and Abini . </em><em>Temperature readings were taken on site using mercury in glass thermometer; pH and conductance </em><em>readings of the samples were quickly determined. Analyses revealed that temperature, pH, </em><em>conductivity and TDS range of 26.0-29 </em><em>0</em><em>C, pH was 4.9-6.5, conductivity 32.0-67.0 scm</em><em>-</em><em>1 </em><em>, TDS </em><em>21.44-44.9mgL </em><em>-1 </em><em>, DO 2.7-4.2. The study shows that the prevalence of cercariae of S. haematobium in </em><em>snails in studied community is still high. Continuous health intervention should be carried out as </em><em>well as biological and chemical control measures to eradicate infected snails in these villages.</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em>Les mollusques d’eau douce sont répandus dans les régions tropicales et tempérées du monde où ils </em><em>servent d’hôtes intermédiaires aux stades larvaires de trématodes parasites responsables de la </em><em>schistosomiase. Cette maladie est endémique dans les zones où l’hôte intermédiaire se reproduit </em><em>dans de l’eau contaminée par l’urine et les selles de personnes infectées. L’étude a été menée pour</em><em>étudier la distribution de l’hôte intermédiaire de Schistosoma haematobium dans les communautés </em><em>d’Adim et d’Abini de la zone de gouvernement local de Biase, État de Cross River, Nigeria. Les </em><em>mollusques ont été collectés et regroupés par village, puis induits à libérer des cercaires. Les </em><em>mollusques ont ensuite été traités pour l’extraction et la quantification de l’ADN afin de déterminer </em><em>leur espèce. Quatre cent vingt (420) mollusques ont été collectés dans les ruisseaux d’Adim et </em><em>d’Abini, dont 105 (25 %) étaient des Bulinus africanus à Adim et 105 (25 %) des Bulinus africanus à</em><em>Abini. Sur les 105 mollusques identifiés comme B. africanus à Adim, 10 (4,8 %) étaient positifs pour </em><em>les cercaires de S. haematobium, tandis qu’à Abini, 17 (8,1 %) sur les 105 mollusques collectés </em><em>étaient positifs. Une prévalence de 7 (17,5 %) a été enregistrée pour la schistosomiase urogénitale </em><em>parmi les résidents d’Adim et d’Abini. Les températures ont été relevées sur site à l’aide d’un </em><em>thermomètre à mercure ; le pH et la conductivité des échantillons ont été rapidement déterminés. Les </em><em>analyses ont révélé des plages de température de 26,0-29,0°C, un pH de 4,9-6,5, une conductivité de </em><em>32,0-67,0 µ scm</em><em>-1 </em><em>, des TDS (Solides Dissous Totaux) de 21,44-44,9 mg L </em><em>-1 </em><em>et de l’OD (Oxygène </em><em>Dissous) de 2,7-4,2. L’étude montre que la prévalence des cercaires de S. haematobium chez les </em><em>mollusques dans la communauté étudiée reste élevée. Des interventions sanitaires continues ainsi </em><em>que des mesures de contrôle biologique et chimique devraient être mises en œuvre pour éradiquer les </em><em>mollusques infectés dans ces villages</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>بب داء االبلاارسيا. ويكون هذاSchistosoma haematobiumف متعيُدي (Adim) وُبين (Abini) اادابعي عنطوة امك ايل بياس (Biase) بولية كروس ايفر،#اعرض مووبطننا ف اعناطق اات تدكثر هيا ااوواقع اعضيفة ااورسيطة ف مياه مبووثة بلول وبراز الشخاص اعاابي. سُجريت هذه الاارة لبدحوقق من توزيع ااوواقع اعضيفة ااورسيطة اطفيل</p> <p>تنرش ااوواقع اعائية ااعذبة ىل نطاق وارع ف اعناطق لرسدوائية واععدةل من ااعال، حيث تعثل كضيفات ورسيطة لبثراحل اايقية لبثقووبت ااطفيبية اات تفزت ططلق ااكراي. وبعة كل خضعت ااوواقع عزية من اععالة لرسدخلص الض اانووي (DNA) وقياس كيده ادحةية</p> <p>ة ورشين )420( قوقعة من الةاول اعائية فُدي وُبين، رن منا 25(105%( من نوع Bulinus africanusفُدي و105نيييي. سفمعت ااوواقع وسصنبفت حِب ااورى، ث سُحفة)25%( من اانوع نفِه فُبين. ومن بي 105 قواقع فُدي اات سحبةدت ىلُنا B. africanus، رنت 4.8( 10%( جيابية اوجود كراي .Sُنوارلا. ت معُابعمئبجل معةل انرشاا قةاه 17.5( 7%( لاء االبلاارسيا haematobium، بين رنت 8.1( 17%( جيابية فُبين منُصل 105 قواقع سمعت هناك. وسيا برسدخةام ميان حرااة زئلوي زااج، ام ت تةية قراءات القس االيةاوجين (pH) واادوصيبية اككلربئية نلبعينات ركىة. وُظلرت اادحاايلُن مةى دااة امرااة، وpH، واادوصيبية، واعواد ااابلة الائلة اككية (TDS) رن ىل اادوال: 29.0–26.0°م، و4.9–االواية اادناربية بي ركنُدي وُبين. سُخذت قراءات دااة امرااة ميةانزن/س، و44.9–21.44 مبغم/ات، ف حي تراوح الكِيي الائب (DO) بي 2.7 و4.2. وتلقي من الاارةُن ميكرورس 67.0–32.0و ،6.5ترة، جل اانب ججراءات اعكفة االيواوجيةواككزيائية، لبوضاء ىل ااوواقع اعاابة ف هذه ااورى.معةل انرشاا كراي S. haematobiumف ااوواقع بمتعات اعةاورة ما يزال م ترفنعا. لا يسوص برنفيذ تةخلت صية مِس</p> <p><strong>ا</strong></p> 2026-03-15T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026